Learning Objectives 1. Differentiate biological sex differences from gender-related influences in cardiovascular disease, including pathophysiology, risk factor expression, and clinical presentation. 2. Evaluate the evidence for sex-specific differences across the cardiovascular continuum—from risk factors and diagnostic accuracy to treatment response and outcomes—highlighting where data are robust versus where gaps remain. 3. Apply sex-informed principles to clinical practice and research, including risk assessment, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic decision-making, while identifying priorities for future research to close persistent inequities in women’s cardiovascular health.

Dr. Martha Gulati, MD, MS is Professor of Cardiology at Houston Methodist and holds the Davis Chair in Women’s Cardiovascular Health. She is the Immediate Past President of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology. A leading expert in women’s heart health, she is the author of Saving Women’s Hearts, chaired the national chest pain guidelines, and has received numerous awards for her groundbreaking research and advocacy.